What is VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)?
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide with pleiotropic effects across the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. It acts on VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors and is extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory properties, neuroprotective effects, and role in circadian rhythm regulation.
VIP Structure
| Peptide Name | Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide |
| Synonyms | VIP, PHM-27-related peptide |
| Sequence | His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2 |
| Molecular Formula | C₁₄₇H₂₃₆N₄₄O₄₃S |
| Molecular Weight | 3,325.8 g/mol |
VIP Research
1. VIP and Immune Modulation
VIP exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12) and promoting regulatory T-cell differentiation in immunological research models.
2. VIP and Neuroprotection
Studies suggest VIP has neuroprotective properties, reducing neuronal apoptosis and supporting glial cell survival in models of neurodegeneration.
3. VIP and Circadian Regulation
VIP is a key neurotransmitter in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), playing a central role in synchronising circadian rhythms across peripheral tissues.
Future VIP Research
Ongoing research is exploring VIP’s therapeutic potential in autoimmune disease models, pulmonary hypertension, and inflammatory bowel disease research.
VIP Resources
- Delgado M, et al. – Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production. J Immunol, 1999.
- Itri JN, et al. – Electrical synapses are necessary for synchronization of electrically coupled neuronal networks. J Neurophysiol, 2005.


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